THE GERUND (الاسم المشتق من الفعل)

·       مما يتكون؟

        * يتكون باضافة (ING)  الى الفعل فى المصدر. امثلة:-

       walk             walking- drink       drinking – play              playing.

·       استخدماتة؟

        *يستخدم  اسم الفعل (gerund) فى الاربعة الحالات الاتية:-

      1-كفاعل فى الجملة (subject of a sentence) حيث يعتبر الحدث كمعنى عام. امثلة:

      It is easier to read French than to speak it هذا يعتبر حدث فردى

       Reading French is easier than speaking it. هذا يعتبر حدث عام

      2-يستخدم اسم الفعل  (gerund)  بعد حروف الجر .امثلة :-

       He was accused of smuggling drugs. – She insisted on seeing me.

      3-يستخدم اسم الفعل (gerund) بعد بعض التركيبات الاسمية (عبارات اسمية ).مثال:-

       (drawing board, diving board , rowing boat ,washing machine …..)

      4-يستخدم اسم الفعل (gerund) بعد افعال معينة و اكثرها شيوعا هى الافعال الاتية :-

Avoid	Fancy	Miss
Consider	Finish	Deny
Delay	Forgive	Stop
Dislike	Keep	Understand
Enjoy	Mention	Postpone
Excuse	Mind	Go on

الامثلة :-

      He avoid meeting me. – She enjoys playing Tennis.

      You can finish watching T.V. – Do not deny lying to me.

       ** يستخدم اسم الفعل (gerund) بعد الصفات الاتية :  busy , worth

      I was busy arranging yesterday. – The game was worth seeing.

       ** يستخدم اسم الفعل (gerund) بعد التغبيرات الاتية : can’t stand , can't help , It is no use.

      I can’t stand seeing blood. – He can’t help loving you.

      It is use leaving problems unsolved.

الرابط	المعنى	الرابط	المعنى
Or	او	Therefore	لذلك- بناء على ذلك
Otherwise	و الا	Hence	من ثم
Neither….nor	لا ...و لا	Consequently	من ثم   –  بناء علية
So	لذلك	As well as	ايضا
Thus	هكذا –  لهذا السبب

·       ما هى فائدة هذة الروابط و دواعى استخدامها ؟

          * تربط جملتان بهما صلة فى المعنى                                                                                   . And   1-

           Nabil fell down. He broke his leg. – Nabil fell down and broke his leg.

         * تربط جملتان مثبتتان                                                                                    2 – Both ….and

            Nabil is clever. Maged is clever too. Both Nabil and Maged are clever.

* هذة الثلاثة روابط تستخدم لربط جملتان متناقضتان. 

                                    But- Still- Yet :- -3                                                            

            She is very beautiful But/Still/Yet she is
 not married.

           She  is  very  beautiful  but / still / yet  she  is  not  married.

       * تربط جملتان متسلسلتان فى المعنى و تؤكد المعنى المثبت بالجملة الثانية.                  4- Not only….But also :-

          Ahmed has passed his examination. He has obtained high marks.            

          Ahmed has not only passed his examination, but also has obtained high marks.   

·       تربط جملتان بهما تفضيل و لذلك فهى تستخدم للتفضيل بين الشيئين                           5-Either…..or :-              

    They are intelligent. They are very stupid.    

          They are either intelligent or very stupid.   

          Do your work good . They will fire you.      

          Either you do your work good or they will fire you.    

* تربط جملتان و تؤكد معنى النفى فيهم                                                          6- Neither…….nor :-                      

         They are intelligent . They are very stupid.    

         They are neither intelligent nor stupid.

         The man can’t read . He can’t write.

        The man can neither read nor write.

           * تربط جملتان و تستخدم للتعبير عن النتيجة المنطقية                 7-so/thus/therefor/hence/consequently                      He studied hard. He succeeded

        He studied hard so he succeeded

                    * يربط حملتان و يؤكد الحملة الاولى و ايضا يضيف اليها                                                8-As well as       

        He writes English well. He writes French well. 

        He writes English as well as French well.